Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/mcp.M400033-MCP200 on July 28, 2004.
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 3:998-1008, 2004.
© 2004 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Research
Global Investigation of p53-induced Apoptosis Through Quantitative Proteomic Profiling Using Comparative Amino Acid-coded Tagging*,S
Sheng Gu , ,
Zhihe Liu¶, ,
Songqin Pan ,
Zeyu Jiang||,
Huimei Lu¶,
Or Amit¶,
E. Morton Bradbury ,**,
Chien-An A. Hu¶, and
Xian Chen ,
From the MS M888, B-2, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; ¶ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131; || Bioinformatics Division, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and ** Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
p53-induced apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the suppression of tumorigenesis, and mutations in p53 have been found in more than 50% of human tumors. By comparing the proteome of a human colorectal cancer cell transfected with inducible p53 (DLD-1.p53) with that of the control DLD-1 cell line using amino acid-coded mass tagging (AACT)-assisted mass spectrometry, we have broadly identified proteins that are upregulated at the execution stage of the p53-mediated apoptosis. In cell culturing, the deuterium-labeled (heavy) amino acids were incorporated into the proteome of the induced DLD-1.p53 cells, whereas the DLD-1.vector cells were grown in the unlabeled medium. In high-throughput LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses, the AACT-containing peptides were paired with their unlabeled counterparts, and their relative spectral intensities, reflecting the differential protein expression, were quantified. In addition, our novel AACT-MS method utilized a number of different heavy amino acids as internal markers that significantly increased the peptide sequence coverage for both quantitation and identification purposes. As a result, we were able to identify differentially regulated protein isozymes that would be difficult to distinguish by ICAT-MS methods and to obtain a large dataset of the proteins with altered expression in the late stage of p53-induced apoptosis. The regulated proteins we identified are associated with several distinct functional categories: cell cycle arrest and p53 binding, protein chaperoning, plasma membrane dynamics, stress response, antioxidant enzymes, and anaerobic glycolysis. This result suggests that the p53-induced apoptosis involves the systematic activation of multiple pathways that are glycolysis-relevant, energy-dependent, oxidative stress-mediated, and possibly mediated through interorganelle crosstalks.
 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Xian Chen, MS M888, B-2, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545. E-mail: chen_xian{at}lanl.gov. Chien-An A. Hu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131. E-mail: ahu{at}salud.unm.edu

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