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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/mcp.M400174-MCP200 on January 4, 2005.
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Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 4:278-290, 2005.
© 2005 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Research

Protein Expression Profiling of the Drosophila Fragile X Mutant Brain Reveals Up-regulation of Monoamine Synthesis*

Yong Q. Zhang{ddagger},§, David B. Friedman, Zhe Wang||, Elvin Woodruff, III{ddagger}, Luyuan Pan{ddagger}, Janis O’Donnell|| and Kendal Broadie{ddagger},**

From the {ddagger} Department of Biological Science, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development and the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-1634 and the || Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0344

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation, associated with both cognitive and behavioral anomalies. The disease is caused by silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (fmr1) gene, which encodes the mRNA-binding, translational regulator FMRP. Previously we established a disease model through mutation of Drosophila fmr1 (dfmr1) and showed that loss of dFMRP causes defects in neuronal structure, function, and behavioral output similar to the human disease state. To uncover molecular targets of dFMRP in the brain, we use here a proteomic approach involving two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis analyses followed by mass spectrometry identification of proteins with significantly altered expression in dfmr1 null mutants. We then focus on two misregulated enzymes, phenylalanine hydroxylase (Henna) and GTP cyclohydrolase (Punch), both of which mediate in concert the synthetic pathways of two key monoamine neuromodulators, dopamine and serotonin. Brain enzymatic assays show a nearly 2-fold elevation of Punch activity in dfmr1 null mutants. Consistently brain neurochemical assays show that both dopamine and serotonin are significantly increased in dfmr1 null mutants. At a cellular level, dfmr1 null mutant neurons display a highly significant elevation of the dense core vesicles that package these monoamine neuromodulators for secretion. Taken together, these data indicate that dFMRP normally down-regulates the monoamine pathway, which is consequently up-regulated in the mutant condition. Elevated brain levels of dopamine and serotonin provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for aspects of cognitive and behavioral deficits in human patients.

** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biological Science, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 6270A MRB III, 465 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232. Tel.: 615-936-3937 (office), or -3935, -3936, and -6761 (laboratory); Fax: 615-936-0129 (office) or 615-343-6707 (department), E-mail: kendal.broadie{at}vanderbilt.edu


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