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Research

ANIBAL, Stable Isotope-based Quantitative Proteomics by Aniline and Benzoic Acid Labeling of Amino and Carboxylic Groups^*,S

Alexandre Panchaud^,, Jenny Hansson, Michael Affolter, Rachid Bel Rhlid^¶, Stéphane Piu, Philippe Moreillon and Martin Kussmann^,||

From the Département de Microbiologie Fondamentale, Université de Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Bâtiment Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland and Functional Genomics Group, Department of BioAnalytical Sciences and ^¶ Biotransformation Group, Department of Food Science, Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, P. O. Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland

Identification and relative quantification of hundreds to thousands of proteins within complex biological samples have become realistic with the emergence of stable isotope labeling in combination with high throughput mass spectrometry. However, all current chemical approaches target a single amino acid functionality (most often lysine or cysteine) despite the fact that addressing two or more amino acid side chains would drastically increase quantifiable information as shown by in silico analysis in this study. Although the combination of existing approaches, e.g. ICAT with isotope-coded protein labeling, is analytically feasible, it implies high costs, and the combined application of two different chemistries (kits) may not be straightforward. Therefore, we describe here the development and validation of a new stable isotope-based quantitative proteomics approach, termed aniline benzoic acid labeling (ANIBAL), using a twin chemistry approach targeting two frequent amino acid functionalities, the carboxylic and amino groups. Two simple and inexpensive reagents, aniline and benzoic acid, in their ¹²C and ¹³C form with convenient mass peak spacing (6 Da) and without chromatographic discrimination or modification in fragmentation behavior, are used to modify carboxylic and amino groups at the protein level, resulting in an identical peptide bond-linked benzoyl modification for both reactions. The ANIBAL chemistry is simple and straightforward and is the first method that uses a ¹³C-reagent for a general stable isotope labeling approach of carboxylic groups. In silico as well as in vitro analyses clearly revealed the increase in available quantifiable information using such a twin approach. ANIBAL was validated by means of model peptides and proteins with regard to the quality of the chemistry as well as the ionization behavior of the derivatized peptides. A milk fraction was used for dynamic range assessment of protein quantification, and a bacterial lysate was used for the evaluation of relative protein quantification in a complex sample in two different biological states.