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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/mcp.M700511-MCP200 on March 18, 2008.
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Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 7:1254-1269, 2008.
© 2008 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Research

Evolutionary and Transcriptional Analysis of Karyopherin β Superfamily Proteins *,S

Yu Quan{ddagger}, Zhi-Liang Ji{ddagger},§, Xiao Wang{ddagger}, Alan M. Tartakoff and Tao Tao{ddagger},§

From the {ddagger} School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, the Ministry of Education of China, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106

In eukaryotes, karyopherin β superfamily proteins mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules. We investigated the evolutionary and transcriptional patterns of these proteins using bioinformatics approaches. No obvious homologs were found in prokaryotes, but an extensive set of β-karyopherin proteins was found in yeast. Among 14 β-karyopherins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eight corresponded to their human orthologs directly without diversification, two were lost, and the remaining four proteins exhibited gene duplications by different mechanisms. We also identified β-karyopherin orthologs in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, Xenopus tropicalis, Gallus gallus, and Mus musculus. β-Karyopherins were ubiquitously but nonuniformly expressed in distinct cells and tissues. In yeast and mice, the titer of some β-karyopherin transcripts appeared to be regulated both during the cell cycle and during development. Further virtual analysis of promoter binding elements suggested that the transcription factors SP1, NRF-2, HEN-1, RREB-1, and nuclear factor Y regulate expression of most β-karyopherin genes. These findings emphasize new mechanisms in functional diversification of β-karyopherins and regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport.

§ To whom correspondence may be addressed: School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian 361005, China. Tel./Fax: 86-592-2182880; E-mail: taotao{at}xmu.edu.cn (Tao Tao) or appo{at}bioinf.xmu.edu.cn (Zhiliang Ji)


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