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Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 8:571-583, 2009.
© 2009 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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Research

Antioxidant Peptidomics Reveals Novel Skin Antioxidant System^*,S

Hailong Yang^,,¶, Xu Wang^¶,||, Xiuhong Liu^¶,||, Jing Wu^,, Cunbao Liu^,, Weiming Gong^**, Zhiqiang Zhao^,**, Jing Hong^,, Donghai Lin, Yizheng Wang and Ren Lai^,||,¶¶

From the Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China, ^|| Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China, ^** Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China

It is generally agreed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to skin aging, skin disorders, and skin diseases. Skin possesses an extremely efficient antioxidant system. This antioxidant activity is conferred by two systems: antioxidant enzymes and small molecules that can scavenge ROS by donating electrons. No gene-encoded secreted ROS scavengers have been reported. Amphibian skin is a multifunctional organ acting in defense, respiration, and water regulation, although it seems susceptible. Amphibian skins are easily harmed by biological or non-biological attacks such as microorganism infection or radiation injury. Among vertebrates, skins of amphibian are exposed to more dangers of radiation injury than others. Radiation toxicity occurs by directly attacking the genetic material and/or by generating ROS. In addition, amphibian skin respiration and inflammatory response also induce ROS generation. It is rational to hypothesize that amphibian skins should have potent free radical scavenging and radioprotective ability for their survival. Rana pleuraden is distributed in Southwest of China; it lives in the subtropical plateau (altitude around 2300 m) where there is strong ultraviolet radiation and long duration of sunshine. By peptidomics and genomics approaches, a large amount of antioxidant peptides belonging to 11 different groups with variable structures were isolated from the skin secretions of R. pleuraden. Their free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory abilities were studied. All of these peptide share highly homologous preproregions, although mature antioxidant peptides have very divergent primary structures, suggesting the possibility of a common ancestor. Some peptides were also found to have multifunctional properties, such as combined antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. According to our knowledge, no gene-encoded specific antioxidant peptides have been reported except metallothionein. Our work possibly reveals a new skin antioxidant system. The current work also provides a large amount of peptide candidates with medical-pharmaceutical significance.

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