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Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 8:1338-1349, 2009.
© 2009 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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Research

Assessing Susceptibility to Age-related Macular Degeneration with Proteomic and Genomic Biomarkers^*

From the ^aCole Eye Institute,
^bLerner Research Institute, and
^eDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195,
^cDepartment of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,
^dLouis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and
^fDepartment of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive disease and major cause of severe visual loss. Toward the discovery of tools for early identification of AMD susceptibility, we evaluated the combined predictive capability of proteomic and genomic AMD biomarkers. We quantified plasma carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP) oxidative protein modifications and CEP autoantibodies by ELISA in 916 AMD and 488 control donors. CEP adducts are uniquely generated from oxidation of docosahexaenoate-containing lipids that are abundant in the retina. Mean CEP adduct and autoantibody levels were found to be elevated in AMD plasma by 60 and 30%, respectively. The odds ratio for both CEP markers elevated was 3-fold greater or more in AMD than in control patients. Genotyping was performed for AMD risk polymorphisms associated with age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2), high temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1), complement factor H, and complement C3, and the risk of AMD was predicted based on genotype alone or in combination with the CEP markers. The AMD risk predicted for those exhibiting elevated CEP markers and risk genotypes was 2–3-fold greater than the risk based on genotype alone. AMD donors carrying the ARMS2 and HTRA1 risk alleles were the most likely to exhibit elevated CEP markers. The results compellingly demonstrate higher mean CEP marker levels in AMD plasma over a broad age range. Receiver operating characteristic curves suggest that CEP markers alone can discriminate between AMD and control plasma donors with 76% accuracy and in combination with genomic markers provide up to 80% discrimination accuracy. Plasma CEP marker levels were altered slightly by several demographic and health factors that warrant further study. We conclude that CEP plasma biomarkers, particularly in combination with genomic markers, offer a potential early warning system for assessing susceptibility to this blinding, multifactorial disease.

ⁱ Has a license for CEP as an inventor with Frantz Biomarkers, LLC; is a consultant for Alcon Research Ltd. and Allergan, Inc.; and has received funding for this research from Merck & Co. and Johnson and Johnson. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Cole Eye Inst. i31, Lerner Research Inst., Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195. Tel.:216-445-0425; Fax:216-445-3670; E-mail: crabbj{at}ccf.org.

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