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A more recent version of this article appeared on July 1, 2007.
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Submitted on January 2, 2007
Revised on April 4, 2007
Accepted on April 19, 2007

Shotgun protein sequencing: Assembly of MS/MS spectra from mixtures of modified proteins

Nuno Bandeira, Karl R. Clauser, and Pavel A. Pevzner

Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0404

Corresponding Author: bandeira{at}cs.ucsd.edu

Despite significant advances in the identification of known proteins, the analysis of unknown proteins by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) still remains a challenging open problem. Although Klaus Biemann recognized the potential of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for sequencing of unknown proteins in the 1980s, low-throughput Edman degradation followed by cloning still remains the main method to sequence unknown proteins. The automated interpretation of MS/MS spectra has been limited by a focus on individual spectra and has not capitalized on the information contained in spectra of overlapping peptides. Indeed, the powerful Shotgun DNA Sequencing strategies have not been extended to automated protein sequencing. We demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of automated Shotgun Protein Sequencing of protein mixtures by utilizing MS/MS spectra of overlapping and possibly modified peptides generated via multiple proteases of different specificities. We validate this approach by generating highly accurate de novo reconstructions of multiple regions of various proteins in western diamondback rattlesnake venom. We further argue that Shotgun Protein Sequencing has the potential to overcome the limitations of current protein sequencing approaches and thus catalyze the otherwise impractical applications of proteomics methodologies in studies of unknown proteins.


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