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Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 5:1045-1053, 2006.
© 2006 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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Research

Interdomain Conformational Changes in Akt Activation Revealed by Chemical Cross-linking and Tandem Mass Spectrometry^*

Bill X. Huang and Hee-Yong Kim

From the Section of Mass Spectrometry, Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics and Biochemistry, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-9410

Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, plays a critical role in cell survival. Upon growth factor receptor stimulation, cytosolic Akt is recruited to the plasma membrane by phospholipid binding and activated through phosphorylation at Thr³⁰⁸ and Ser⁴⁷³. Although crystal structures for the parts of Akt have been reported, neither the three-dimensional structure of the whole molecule nor sequential conformational changes during activation have been demonstrated. In this study, we demonstrated that Akt undergoes dramatic interdomain conformational changes during activation processes by probing the three-dimensional structure of full-length Akt in solution using chemical cross-linking and tandem mass spectrometry. The cross-linking results not only provided new structural information but also revealed distinctive spatial arrangements of individual domains in the Akt molecule in resting, membrane-interacted, phosphorylated, and substrate-bound states. Our data allowed a new model for stepwise interdomain conformational changes in Akt activation sequence, setting a stage for the further investigation on Akt-membrane, Akt-protein, and/or Akt-drug interactions in solution to understand molecular mechanisms involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes of cell survival.

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