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Submitted on August 9, 2005
Revised on January 31, 2006
Accepted on February 2, 2006

Physical and genetic interactions link Hox function with diverse transcription factors and cell signaling proteins

Sarah E. Bondos, Xin-Xing Tan, and Kathleen S. Matthews

Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005

Corresponding Author: bondos{at}rice.edu

Positional information provided by Hox homeotic transcription factors is integrated with other transcription factors and cell-signaling cascades in specific combinations to dictate context- and gene-specific Hox activity. Protein•protein interactions between these groups have long been hypothesized to modulate Hox functions, yielding a context-specific function. However, difficulties in applying interaction screens to potent transcription factors have limited partner identification. A yeast two-hybrid screen using transcription activation-deficient mutants of the Drosophila melanogaster Hox protein Ultrabithorax Ib identified an array of interacting proteins, consisting primarily of transcription factors and components of cell signaling pathways. Interactions were confirmed with wild-type Ubx in calibrated phage display experiments, and by immunoprecipitation for a subset of partners. In vivo assays demonstrate two Ultrabithorax Ib partners, Armadillo, regulated by Wingless/WNT signaling, and the homeodomain protein Aristaless inhibit Ubx-dependent haltere development from the default wing development pathway. Therefore, transcription factors and cell signaling proteins that sub-divide Hox-specified tissues can both alter Hox function in vivo and interact with the corresponding Hox protein in vitro. Ubx may also modulate partner function: the pupal death phenotype induced by ectopic expression of the Ubx partner Hairy requires the presence of Ubx. Thus, Hox•transcription factor complexes may integrate a variety of positional cues, generating the specificity and versatility required for context-dependent Hox function.


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