Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality and increased morbidity and metabolic abnormalities later in life. IUGR is characterized as the failure of a fetus to achieve his or her genetic growth potential in utero. Altered protein expression profiles associated with IUGR may be informative on the pathologic mechanisms of this condition and might reveal potential markers for postnatal complications. The aim of this study was to compare protein profiles of umbilical cord (UC) plasma from IUGR and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) full-term neonates. Blood samples from doubly clamped UC at delivery from ten IUGR and ten AGA full-term neonates were analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). Prominent changes of the alpha-2-HS glycoprotein/fetuin-A, were observed in IUGR cases. Specifically, we show that these changes occur primarily at the level of post-translational modifications of the protein. Using a combination of mass spectrometry and classical biochemical assays, single and heavy chain forms of fetuin-A were found to lack the normally present O-linked sialic acids in IUGR neonates. Fetuin A is a glycoprotein that has been associated with promotion of in vitro cell replication, fetal growth and osteogenesis, and protection from Gram- bacterial endotoxins. Prominent defects in glycosylation/sialylation of fetuin-A revealed by our study, might be responsible for impaired function of fetuin-A, leading to deficient fetal growth, especially osteogenesis, and/or to the development of complications frequently seen later in the lives of IUGR neonates.